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LLM 101: A Critical Introduction to Large Language Models

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LLM 101: A Critical Introduction to Large Language Models

At this week’s Northern Exposure, Dr. David J. Gunkel, Professor of Media Studies in NIU’s Department of Communication, gave an engaging and eye-opening talk titled “LLM 101: A Critical Introduction to Large Language Models.”

Gunkel broke down how large language models (LLMs) the technology behind tools like ChatGPT actually work, what they’re capable of, and why it’s important to approach them with a critical eye. He explained that these systems generate text by predicting the next most likely word, producing language that sounds human even though the model doesn’t truly “understand” meaning it imitates it.

His talk moved from the technical to the ethical and environmental, raising questions about:

  • Bias and misinformation that can emerge from flawed or unbalanced training data.
  • Copyright and authorship, as AI systems learn from material that may be protected or proprietary.
  • Energy and water use, highlighting the significant environmental cost of training and operating large models.
  • Social impact, including how generative AI is reshaping communication, creativity, and responsibility.

Gunkel encouraged the audience to think carefully about not only what these tools can do, but what they should do—and who ultimately benefits. His presentation reminded the NIU community that innovation and ethics must evolve together. As generative AI becomes more integrated into teaching, research, and creative practice, understanding both its potential and its consequences is essential.